{"id":147381,"date":"2019-08-13T10:21:01","date_gmt":"2019-08-13T10:21:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/labinsights.com\/acf_article\/nhung-loi-khuyen-huu-ich-cho-chien-luoc-cai-tien-phong-xet-nghiem-va-tang-cuong-hieu-qua\/"},"modified":"2026-02-23T07:49:31","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T07:49:31","slug":"strategies-for-improving-operational-effectiveness-in-your-laboratory","status":"publish","type":"acf_article","link":"https:\/\/labinsights.com\/vi\/operations\/operational-excellence\/strategies-for-improving-operational-effectiveness-in-your-laboratory\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch cho chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u0103m s\u00f3c l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m. Theo m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m 2019 tr\u00ean Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine [1],\u00a0h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa v\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m\u00a0m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, t\u1ea1o ra ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch quan quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/h2>\n

X\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m. X\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 nh\u1eefng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u2013\u00a0d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian: c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 sau khi pha lo\u00e3ng, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ee1 h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu m\u00e1u l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, v\u1eeba g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t sinh chi ph\u00ed x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh k\u00e9m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, g\u1eb7p bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c th\u1eed v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc PDCA (l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u2013 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u2013 ki\u1ec3m tra \u2013 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng) theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ISO15189. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Mohd Jamsani<\/a> M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y khoa Hamamatsu th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m (TAT)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m<\/h2>\n

B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n hi\u1ebfm khi h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng khi b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa l\u00fac x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian cho m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc trong quy tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ed7i x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m TAT, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

M\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch in t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang in m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00ean \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c minh tr\u1ef1c quan nh\u00e3n v\u00e0 m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y m\u00e1u trong v\u00f2ng ba \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n ph\u00fat cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian thay g\u0103ng tay.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec3n khai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h3>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n m\u1eabu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sinh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Trong ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i theo quy tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngo\u1ea1i lai. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady. T\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y TAT d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi m\u1eabu c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a fibrin ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9a protein M.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n TAT ki\u1ec3m tra cho ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n<\/h3>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e3y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra TAT trong ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Trong ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra TAT hai tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. M\u1ed7i x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n v\u00ec c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu cho x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu \u2013 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 TAT cao \u2013\u00a0b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng tin thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m (TAT) trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb c\u00f4ng khai.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

Gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m (TAT) th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m trong ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m, b\u00e1c s\u0129 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi ti\u00eau tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb cao nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m trong ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd cao, TAT th\u1ea5p, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p. D\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u m\u1ee9c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

Khi y h\u1ecdc l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u chi ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00e1c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/p>\n